Publicaciones
- La Coordinación Corporal Espontánea Varía Entre Interacciones Afectivas e Intelectuales entre Niños y Adultos
Autores: Zamara Cuadros, Esteban Hurtado, Carlos Cornejo
La sincronía entre bebés y adultos ha sido documentada en estudios observacionales y experimentales. Sin embargo, la sincronía se aborda de manera diferente en ambos casos. Mientras que los estudios observacionales miden la sincronía en interacciones espontáneas entre bebés y adultos, los estudios experimentales la manipulan, induciendo interacciones sincrónicas y asincrónicas no espontáneas. Una pregunta aún no resuelta es hasta qué punto difiere la sincronía espontánea de la no espontánea, aquella generada experimentalmente.
Para abordar esta cuestión, llevamos a cabo un estudio para comparar la sincronía en ambos contextos de interacción. Cuarenta y tres bebés de 14 meses fueron asignados aleatoriamente a uno de dos grupos independientes: (1) el contexto de interacción espontánea, consistente en una sesión de lectura de cuentos; y (2) el contexto de interacción no espontánea, donde un asistente mecía al bebé en sincronía con un desconocido.
Utilizamos un sistema óptico de captura de movimiento para registrar con precisión el tiempo y la forma de la sincronía en ambos contextos. Nuestros hallazgos indican que la sincronía que surge en intercambios espontáneos presenta características distintas de la sincronía producida en una interacción no espontánea. La evidencia presentada aquí ofrece nuevas perspectivas para replantear el estudio de la sincronía entre bebés y adultos y sus consecuencias en el desarrollo infantil. - The physiognomic unity of sign, word, and gesture
Autores: Carlos Cornejo, Roberto Musa.
Goldin-Meadow & Brentari (G-M&B) are implicitly going against the dominant paradigm in language research, namely, the “speech as written language” metaphor that portrays vocal sounds and bodily signs as means of delivering stable word meanings. We argue that Heinz Werner’s classical research on the physiognomic properties of language supports and complements their view of sign and gesture as a unified system.
- Semiotic analysis of empathic and non-empathic interaction sequences: microgenetic study
Autores: Pablo Fossa, David Carré, Carlos Cornejo.
Abstract: This study aimed to explore and describe the process of dialogic regulation in conversational interactions. It were recorded on video 30 pairs of students together in unknown interactions that were oriented to generate a non-empathic or sympathetic handling situation, and four segments of conversation, two for each type of interaction, were selected. The text was analyzed with a protocol of semiotic analysis based on the analysis model proposed by Molina (2007). The results show that empathic interactions are characterized by a process of co-construction of meaning, with proper management of stress and an identification with the linguistic sign. Moreover, non-empathic interactions are characterized by the emergence of linguistic signs that do not continue the construction sequence of meanings, with high dialogic tension, and a strategy of distancing or abandonment of the meaning field.
- Music intervals in speech: Psychological disposition modulates ratio precision among interlocutors nonlocal f0 production in real-time dyadic conversation
Autores: Juan P. Robledo, Esteban Hurtado, Felipe Prado, Domingo Román, Carlos Cornejo.
Abstract: Drawing on the notion of musical intervals, recent studies have demonstrated the use of precise frequency ratios within human vocalisation. Methodologically, these studies have addressed human vocalisation at an individual level. In the present study, we asked whether patterns such as musical intervals can also be found among the voices of people engaging in a conversation as an emerging interpersonal phenomenon. Fifty-six participants were randomly paired and assigned to either a control or a low-trust condition. Frequency ratios were generated by juxtaposing nonlocal fundamental frequency (f0) productions from two people engaged in each given dyadic conversation. Differences were found among conditions, both in terms of interval distribution and precision. These results support the idea that psychological dispositions modulate the musical intervals generated between participants through mutual real-time vocal accommodation. They also underscore the inter-domain use of musical intervals.
- Recuerdo secuencial y recuerdo vivido en el curso de la experiencia: un estudio videográfico
Autores: Himmbler Olivares, Paloma Opazo, Daniela Sepúlveda Moreno, Carlos Cornejo
Abstract: During the last 30 years the discussion on memory and remembering has advanced from a strictly cognitive perspective to a broader view, involving the body in these processes. Thus, the present article aims to recover Henri Bergson’s main ideas — published more than a century ago — emphasizing the tight relation between immediate experience, memory and bodily movements. First, contemporary perspectives on memory are reviewed. Afterwards, the results from a videographic study are presented, showing how deeply the body is engaged in the act of remembering. These results evidence the presence of two different ways of remembering: sequential and lively-experienced.
- Bodily Synchronization and Ecological Validity: A Relevant Concern for Nonlinear Dynamical Systems Theory
Autores: Roberto Musa, David Carré, Carlos Cornejo
In their recent article “Bodily synchronization underlying joke telling,” Schmidt et al. (2014) argue that two-person neuroscience is an insufficient approach to explain interpersonal coordination. Interpersonal entrainment, they claim, must be understood bearing in mind that the whole person is embedded in an embodied and social situation. To this effect, they present novel motion-capture data on bodily coordination during a knock-knock joke telling task. Schmidt et al. (2014) make a valid point in calling attention to the complexity of synchronization activity. Precisely because of its importance, however, we believe it is necessary to highlight methodological and substantive caveats that render their work ultimately unsuccessful in accounting for human coordination in natural social interactions.
- Empatía y Convergencia del tono fundamental
Autores: Camilo Quezada, Juan-Pablo Robledo del Canto, D. Román, Carlos Cornejo.
This study explored the relation between empathy and phonetic convergence. The working hypothesis was that empathy among two individuals translates into a synchronic process impacting on pitch values. This was studied by recording 27 dyadic interactions assigned to one of two experimental conditions (labeled as Empathic and Non-Empathic). The evolution of pitch in time was observed in some of the questions used to guide the conversations. In each conversation pitch was analyzed for both participants to determine whether phonetic convergence occurred or not. Descriptive and inferential analyses were implemented, the results being consistent with the manipulation devised to distinguish each experimental condition. The final data support the existence of a relation between some phonetic features of speech and dispositional dimensions that although typically overlooked by classical models of cognition are largely present in everyday interactions. Also data support the idea of a stronger empathy effect on mixed-gender dyads than on same-gender dyads.
- Musical improvisation enhances interpersonal coordination in subsequentconversation: Motor and speech evidence
Autores: Juan Pablo Robledo, Sarah Hawkins, Carlos Cornejo, Ian Cross, Daniel Party, Esteban Hurtado
This study explored the effects of musical improvisation between dyads of same-sex strangers on subsequent behavioural alignment. Participants–all non-musicians–conversed before and after either improvising music together (Musical Improvisation—MI—group) or doing a motoric non-rhythmic cooperative task (building a tower together using wooden blocks; the Hands-Busy—HB—group). Conversations were free, but initially guided by an adaptation of the Fast Friends Questionnaire for inducing talk among students who are strangers and meeting for the first time. Throughout, participants’ motion was recorded with an optical motion-capture system (Mocap) and analysed in terms of speed cross-correlations. Their conversations were also recorded on separate channels using headset microphones and were analysed in terms of the periodicity displayed by rhythmic peaks in the turn transitions across question and answer pairs (Q+A pairs). Compared with their first conversations, the MI group in the second conversations showed: (a) a very rapid, partially simultaneous anatomical coordination between 0 and 0.4 s; (b) delayed mirror motoric coordination between 0.8 and 1.5 s; and (c) a higher proportion of Periodic Q+A pairs. In contrast, the HB group’s motoric coordination changed slightly in timing but not in degree of coordination between the first and second conversations, and there was no significant change in the proportion of periodic Q+A pairs they produced. These results show a convergent effect of prior musical interaction on joint body movement and use of shared periodicity across speech turn-transitions in conversations, suggesting that interaction in music and speech may be mediated by common processes.
- Interpersonal coordination in three-year-old children: Functions, morphology, and temporality
Autores: Zamara Cuadros, David Carré, Esteban Hurtado, Carlos Cornejo.
Abstract: The temporal dimension of interpersonal macro- and micro-coordinations between young children and social partners, as well as its functions, has been well documented. However, the different morphologies that bodily micro-coordination can adopt during these interactions have received considerably less attention. This research studied the temporality and morphology of spontaneous child-adult micro-coordinations and their associated functions. For this purpose, three-year-old children (N = 35) were randomly assigned to storytelling sessions based on emotional or referential stories. Using motion capture technology, we traced rapid and spontaneous coordinations between torso movements, ranging from 0 to 1000 milliseconds. Results show that both mirror-like and anatomical coordinations spontaneously emerge in interactions between 3-year-old children and unfamiliar adults. Importantly, slightly delayed in time, mirror-like coordinations predominantly occur in emotional interactions, while zero-lag, anatomical coordinations occur in referential interactions. These results suggest that these morphologies might indeed inform different functions of coordination, as previously theorized in the literature. The evidence found could contribute to a better understanding of how interpersonal coordination shapes social interaction very early in development.